Hardin (1968), in the theory of "tragedy of the commons" explains that the tragedy of resources (read: forests) occurs as a result of excessive exploitation, continuous extraction and mismanagement of these resources. Although forest management by the state has been successful, on the other hand it also faces many challenges involving stakeholder conflicts and requires high costs (Ostrom, 2003). As a common resource (CPR), forests often cause conflicts in their use (Schlager & Ostrom 2005), for example, excessive claims on forest resources due to narrow interpretations of property rights. To overcome the shared resource dilemma, forest management must be collectively recognized by the community through community involvement (Fleischman et al., 2014). Community involvement in forest management must be emphasized as a broad "goal" of forest management (Asmin et al., 2019; Gehrig et al., 2019).
The history of community involvement in global forest management cannot be separated from the implementation of social forestry strategies in forest management in several tropical countries in the world in the late 1970s. An important stimulus occurred during deliberations at the Eighth World Forestry Congress held in 1978 in Jakarta with the theme "Forest for People". Since then, social forestry strategies in forest management have continued to develop and experienced a transformation in forestry development approaches and policies (Veriasa, 2019).
Various terms emerged during its development, for example 'social forestry' or 'social forestry', 'social forestry' and even 'community forestry'. These various terms are used to refer to forestry policies and activities that involve local communities in forest management in rural areas, by giving (partial) management responsibilities and receiving direct benefits (Wiersum 2004). In Indonesia, the push for a paradigm shift in state-based forest management or forest management that is centrally controlled by the government, continues to be strong and is being demanded by various parties. Implementing a social forestry strategy is important as an effort to overcome Indonesia's forestry problems. Social and community mainstreaming in Indonesian forest management, directed at community-based forest management; not wood extraction or wood production management, but ecosystem-based forest management. Community-based forest management emphasizes the subject or actor, namely the forest village community, while ecosystem-based forest management emphasizes the object and area (Suharjito, 2014).
In the current era, Social Forestry has a much clearer meaning and regulation through the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.83/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/10/2016. This policy explains that social forestry is a sustainable forest management system implemented in state forest areas or private/customary forests implemented by local communities or customary law communities as the main actors to improve their welfare, balance the socio-cultural dynamic environment in the form of Village Forests (HD ), Community Forest (HKm), Community Plantation Forest (HTR), Customary Forest (HA) and Forestry Partnership (KK).
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